Cap 748 aircraft fuelling and fuel installation management. The spark can be avoided if the pipe nozzle is made to conduct by connecting an earthing strap to it and so any charge can be safely conducted away. Refueling is accomplished by pumping or pouring fuel into the two wing tanks and the center tank through their respective filler caps. What are the dangers of electrostatic charge when charge jumps across an air gap it causes a spark. This hazard can be eliminated only by the use of a static dissipator additive in the fuel or by providing adequate relaxation time between the filter separator and the tank.
Pdf a novel energy harvesting concept is proposed for treating local electrostatic energy. Aviation fuel nozzles are equipped with static bonding wires. An earthing strap connects the pipe to the ground the earth. Techniques used to minimize the electrostatic hazard include.
Minimization of electrostatic hazards in aircraft fuel. To 0025172 technical manual ground servicing of aircraft and static groundingbonding this manual supersedes to 0025172 dated 9. Exercise caution to avoid damage to the surface of the airframe by the heavy fuel. This ac cancels ac 15052304a, aircraft fuel storage, handling, and dispensing on airports, dated june 18, 2004. How does electrostatic energy build up during refueling.
Dangers of static electricity and protection in aviation djovcosmartin. The esd is an event which is likely to occur during air to air refuelling, due to the different accumulations of electrostatic charges between the tanker and the receiving aircraft. Electrostatics coulombs law of electrostatics definition. A thin copper wire between the plane and earth is enough to carry the excess charge away. Air force aerial refueling christopher bolkcom specialist in national defense foreign affairs, defense, and trade division summary aerial refueling aircraft ar e key to air operations. The spark can ignite set fire to flammable liquids, vapours and powders in pipes how can fuel flowing through a pipe cause an explosion care must be taken to avoid sparks when putting fuel in cars or aircraft. Electrostatic potential and capacitance 55 e xample 2. The two main refueling systems are probeanddrogue, which is simpler to adapt to existing aircraft, and the flying boom, which offers faster fuel. If an aircraft fails any precheck, the aircraft can only be cold refueled.
They can be useful electrostatic scrubbers remove the dust from the smoke of coal power stations, and photocopiers use electrostatics to move the ink powder to the right place on the paper. Just as a comb or a bar of glass develops an electrostatic charge when rubbed, so hydrocarbon fuels develop a similar charge within the body of the fuel when pumped through pipes or hoses. Dec 06, 2012 dangers of static charge electrostatic charge is dangerous when itcauses lightning and sparks that can ignite fuel when an aircraft is beingrefuelled with kerosene paraffin and when a car is being refuelled with petrolfriction forces cause charge separation charge separation result in the metalframe of an aircraft gaining an opposite charge. The single spark to ignite the fuel vapour occurs from the discharge of electrostatic energy generated from the fuel movement in the aircraft tank during the fuelling process, as well as the electrostatic energy accumulation on the surface of the aircraft and refuelling truck. Aviation fuels are good insulators and like all good insulators they become electrified by friction. Quantification of electrostatic charge generation and relaxation in composite aircraft fuel tanks.
Aircraft accumulate electrical charges created by static electricity under vari ous flight. Ei research report aviation fuelling hazardous area. Find materials for this course in the pages linked along the left. Even wind blowing over a parked aircraft may build up a static charge.
Electrostatic phenomena arise from the forces that electric charges exert on each other and are described by coulombs law. Electrostatic force and electric charge electrostatic force charges at rest. What is the danger of static electricity when refuelling. Pdf energy harvesting on aircrafts statics chargeenergy. Fundamentals, applications and hazards journal of electrostatics. This is the minimum safety measure for avoiding personal charging during the refuelling process if the seat material used is not antistatic. Study of electricity in which electric charges are static i.
Avoidance of electrostatic hazards during refuelling of. The fueling vehicle should be positioned with a clear path to permit its rapid removal. All objects are made up of atoms, and all atoms contain positive particles protons and negative. I am pleased to release the airtoair refuelling flight plan document, comprising an overall assessment of current airtoair refuelling aar capabilities within nato and building a joint perspective inside future requirements and development. Gcse physics electrostatic charge how can fuels or. Why is the build up of electrostatic charge on the aircraft dangerous. Aerial refueling, also referred to as air refueling, inflight refueling ifr, airtoair refueling aar, and tanking, is the process of transferring aviation fuel from one military aircraft the tanker to another the receiver during flight. The use of electrically insulating synthetic materials, such as. The refueling truck will be taken immediately to the parking area for a.
Plane refueling safety with hose and nozzle rawhide fire hose. Precautions should be used with either type of fueling. The accumulation of electrostatic charge, generating during flight on the outer surfaces of aircraft and inside aircraft piping systems, cannot be considered as an immediate danger for flight safety, but it has to be seriously prevented to avoid upset in flight communications and risks of explosion in fuel areas or during refueling operations. Pressure refuelling is normal for multi crew transport aircraft and business jets but gravity refuelling of these types may be available as a backup system. Aircraft refueling is one of serious task carried out by trained aircraft mechanics. This principle states that the interaction between any two charges is completely unaffected by the presence of other. Another significant issue in aircraft life is the possible electrostatic charge accumulation during refueling operations. Understanding electrostatic charge behaviour in aircraft fuel systems. Electrical bonding and protection against static electricity federal. Feb 26, 2012 electrostatics dangers of aircraft fuelling. Aircraft refuelling an aircraft needs to be protected from the effects of static electricity during refuelling.
Basic electrostatics classical mechanics newtonian, lagrangian, hamiltonian mechanics quantum mechanics wave mechanics wave function and born probability interpretation schrodinger equation simple systems for which there is an analytical solution free particle particle in a box, particle on a ring. Today, we will talk about static electricity, the dangers of this common occurrence, and tips on how to protect yourself from injury or property damage. It states that the electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion between two charged bodies is directly proportional to the product of their charges and varies inversely as the square of the distance between the two bodies. Static electricity is caused by friction between dissimiliar materials, specifically at the molecular level. The prevention of fires and explosions resulting from electrostatic discharges in aircraft fuel systems is of special concern to aircraft designers and operators. Electrical charge depends on the speed of surface friction, size of contact area, humidity, etc. The proper procedure before fueling an unfamiliar aircraft. Chapter two electrostatic potential and capacitance. Introduction to electrostatics physics and radioelectronics. Pdf feasibility of an electrostatic energy harvesting device for. Static electricity in flight threatens aircraft safety flight safety. Electrostatics plays a major role in everyday life.
Dangers of static charge electrostatic charge is dangerous. Two types of fueling process are overthewing refueling and pressure refueling. A buildup of static charge is a potential danger when refuelling aircraft or vehicles. Physics electrostatic notes free pdf faadooengineers. Data indicates the standards requirements are based upon sound engineering principles, test data, and field experience nfpa 407, 2007 electrostatic ignitions of fires and explosions, by thomas h. Fortunately, the accident record during aircraft fueling has been somewhat better. Dangers of static electricity and protection in aviation djovcosmartin abstract. Static electricity is caused by friction between dissimiliar materials, specifically at the. Pdf as part of the eu fp7 recreate research project, a prototype boom for civil airtoair refuelling was designed. Electrostatics is a branch of physics in which static electric field produced by static electric charges are studied. It is designed as a dualrole airtoair refuelling and transport aircraft. The best way to remember the information in this chapter is to get a pen and paper and write down your answers before clicking on the answer link which will take you to the correct page. Navair 0080t109 aircraft refueling natops manual navair 0080t122 helicopter operational procedures for air. What was the last aircraft you can name designed from the ground up as a tanker.
Identify common hazards that occur while refuelling, including electrostatic charge, fuel vapor, or maintenance activity obeying the fuel safety zones and the equipment hazard zone how to respond to emergency situations such as fire or fuel spill parking a fueling vehicle. The use of electrically insulating synthetic materials, such as plastics, for fuel. Refuel international is the provider of choice for major oil companies, into. The kerosene fuel used by turbine engine aircraft has a higher flashignition point than the aviation gasoline used by piston engine aircraft but there are still potential hazards. For airtoair refuelling missions the a330 mrtt can be equipped with a combination of any of the following systems. Hey freinds i have uploaded ebook on physics electrostatic notes. A good example of this is when you rub a balloon on your hair and it sticks to the ceiling. The object which has electrostatic charge tends to has neutral. Aircraft fueling and defueling procedures aircraft systems. This charge stays on the aircraft after it has landed, and might jump as a spark from the aircraft. Electrostatic charge may also build up in the fuel during fueling and if the. Generation of electrostatic charge in fuel handling. Refueling an aircraft is a process where trained personnel carried out task to fill an aircraft with fuel in order to enable the aircraft to continue its journey.
The closest thing ive ever seen to an aircraft specially designed for the task is the kc5, which was designed as a tanker, and then turned into an airliner, the boeing 707. When fueling the aircraft, the following safety precautions must be followed. It is a branch of physics that deals with the phenomena and properties of stationary or slowmoving electric charges with no acceleration. In physics, electrostatics deals with the phenomena and properties of stationary or slowmoving electric charges. Sparks like this can be dangerous, potentially igniting a fire. Aircraft high level shutoff valves must be prechecked at the beginning of the hot refueling operation. Static electricity in flight threatens aircraft safety. The field of electrostatics encompasses phenomena resulting from the interaction of stationary or moving electrical charges, where the interaction is due solely to the charges and their positions and not due to their motion. Static electricity what you should know about it and recommendations when refuelling aircraft from containers.
Modernizing or replacing the current fleet of tankers presents the. To 0025172 technical manual ground servicing of aircraft and static groundingbonding f0960399d0382 distribution statement a approved for public release. The electrostatic field to calculate the force exerted by some electric charges, q1, q2, q3. Pdf quantification of electrostatic charge generation and. Nfpa 77 applies to ground refueling of aircraft using petroleum fuels. Electrostatics is a problem requiring consideration in refueling because of something called triboelectric effect. Friction between the air and the aircraft creates a large charge on the outside of the aircraft. The journal of electrostatics is the leading forum for publishing research findings that advance. Ei research report aviation fuelling hazardous area classification july 2017 published by energy institute, london the energy institute is a professional membership body incorporated by.
Uses and dangers of electrostatics static electricity. Explain how these cables reduce the dangers when refuelling the aircraft. Upon aircraft arrival, obtain quantity and grades of products required from airline or aircraft personnel. The length of time required for a static electricity to dissipate varies, according to the article, so a spark can happen if the bonding wire is removed before the static electricity totally dissipates. The electrostatic charging hazard during aircraft fueling. Electrostatic force can be attractive electrostatic force can be repulsive electrostatic force acts through empty space electrostatic force much stronger than gravity electrostatic forces are inverse square law forces proportional to 1r 2.
How does electrostatic energy build up during refueling answers. Every aircraft since then has been a modified airliner or cargo aircraft. Box 3345, d38023 braunschweig, germany in germany, between 1992 and 1995, more than 30 ignitions of gasolineairmixtures at public filling stations have. Fueling procedure can vary from aircraft to aircraft. Air refueling ar creates opportunities for the use of inflight refuelable aircraft in operations.
Always ensure that the aircraft is grounded before refueling. Gcse physics revision questions electrostatic charge. Static electricity what you should know about it and. An uneven exchange of particles can lead to an increase. The aircraft is also connected by a metal cable to the refuelling tanker.
Static electricity and aircraft gigliotti major reference works. Static can also be dangerous when refuelling aircraft. Aviation refuelling vehicles, hydrant dispensers and equipment. Refuelling and defuelling risks skybrary aviation safety. Fuel system servicing refueling the airplane may be fueled through a filler located in the top of each wing tank, through a filler in the top of the fuselage above the right engine, or. Critical refueling rates are related to the airplane refueling installations and the designer should seek the advice of fuel suppliers on this problem. This sae aerospace information report air provides background information, technical data and related technical references for minimization of electrostatic hazards in aircraft fuel systems. Controlling electrostatic ignition hazards during fuel. The cart is powered by diesel engine coupled to an hydraulic pump supplying all the cart systems. No centerline hose or boom complies with natopsusafnato atp56b aar procedures kdc10 tanker. The electrostatic charging hazard during aircraft fueling 1.
The fuel rubs against the side of the hose and lots of charge builds up. Static charge static means still and is the word we use when we talk about charge that cant move. D an g e r never refuel the aircraft with the engine running. Whether keeping surveillance aircraft on station to observe adversaries, refueling airlifters flying long direct delivery missions, or enabling sustained strike operations. What this means is, if you ground the truck and correctly bond to the tank you are filling, it negates the dangers. Jayfon enterprises aerospace consultants aircraft accumulate electrical charges created by static electricity under various flight conditions and discharge of that electricity can generate radio frequency interference rfi. What is the danger of static electricity when refuelling aircraft. In addition, a cable can connect the pipe to the fuel tank. The aircraft should not be approached until it has come to a complete stop, the engines have been shut down, and it is ready for servicing. During refuelling a copper wire is attached between the wing and the ground. It is generally agreed that the primary sourcc of lectrostatic.
Reduction of electrostatic ctarge in jet fuels during. Former japan airlines dc 1040 modified for airtoair refueling aar flight refueling limited frl 909e pod mounted under each wing looks like usaf kc10. Electric fields and electrostatics feature in our lives. A pioneer in the ground fuelling industry previously known as liquip international, refuel international has positioned itself as a global leader in mobile aviation refuelling equipment. This ac provides an acceptable means of complying with title 14 code of federal regulations cfr part 9 hereinafter referred to as part 9 for all part 9 airport operators. For q jul 01, 2018 have you experienced getting jolted by a spark of electricity when you touched a door knob or hand rail. Pratt outlines basics of electrostatic charge separation and discharge. Feasibility of an electrostatic energy harvesting device for cfcs. Static electricity in flight threatens aircraft safety by john f. Plane refueling safety with hose and nozzle rawhide fire. Cap 748 aircraft fuelling and fuel installation management page iv list of effective pages iii glossary 1 chapter 1 general introduction 1 scope 1 chapter 2 fuel storage, management, handling and distribution general 1 apron safety management 2 helicopters 3 defuelling 3 chapter 3 risk evaluation fire risks 1 portable electronic devices peds 2. Standard intoplane fueling service levels and safety iata. One of the fire hazards in the aviation industry is created by the generation of static electricity during fueling operations. Electrostatics instructions to candidates answer all questions in this paper in the spaces provided.
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